1001 Space Earth Nature History First Civilisations Ancient Egypt Biblical Times Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Chinese, Japanese Civilisations Indian Civilisation African Civilisation The Early Americas The Rise of Islam The Middle Ages The Renaissance Civil War and Revolution The Industrial Revolution Two World Wars 20th-century Achievements Human World Science and Technology	Who were the Mamluks? The Mamluks were two dynasties of freed slaves in Egypt and Syria, reigning from 1250 to 1517. They controlled Mecca and Medina, and were probably the greatest builders of any Islamic dynasty.   Previous: Back Book: 1001 Section: History Chapter: The Rise of Islam